Surgical Pathology

Mucocutaneous and epithelial surfaces

• Ulceration (e.g. loss of epithelial layer)
• Swellings - solid and cystic

Solid organs (e.g. liver, bone)

• Local compression
• Traumatic - laceration, fracture, avulsion, amputation

Hollow organs (e.g. gallbladder, bowel) or external orifices (e.g. nose, vagina)

• Distension
• Rupture / Perforation
• Obstruction - extra-luminal, luminal, intra-luminal
• Torsion
• Fistulas

Tissue planes

• Herniation (organ protrudes through tissue plane)
• Sinuses (blind ending sacs)
• Fistulas (abnormal connection between epithelialised surfaces e.g. hollow organ-hollow organ, hollow organ-skin)
• Ectopia (displacement or malposition of normal tissue)
• Metastases (distant spread of neoplastic tissue)

Vascular

• Ischaemic / Obstruction/ Torsion
• Distension / Rupture / haemorrhage

Cavity (e.g. intracranial, intrathoracic, intra-abdominal)

• Fluid accumulations - exudate, transudate, blood, digestive juice, lymphatic
• Gas accumulations
• Fibrosis / Obliteration

Conditions can be congenital, developmental or acquired